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Carausian Revolt
The Carausian Revolt ( 286–296) was an episode in Roman history, during which a Roman naval commander, Carausius, declared himself emperor over Britain and northern Gaul. His Gallic territories were retaken by the western Caesar Constantius Chlorus in 293, after which Carausius was assassinated by his subordinate Allectus. Britain was regained by Constantius and his subordinate Asclepiodotus in 296.
==Revolt==
Carausius, a Menapian of humble birth, rose through the ranks of the Roman military and was appointed to a naval command at Bononia (Boulogne), tasked with clearing the English Channel of Frankish and Saxon raiders. However, he was accused of collaborating with the pirates to enrich himself, and the western Augustus, Maximian, ordered him to be put to death. Carausius responded by declaring himself emperor in Britain.〔''Panegyrici Latini'' 8:6; Aurelius Victor, ''Book of Caesars'' (39:20-21 ); Eutropius, ''Abridgement of Roman History'' (21 ); Orosius, ''Seven Books of History Against the Pagans'' (7:25.2-4 )〕 His forces comprised not only his fleet, augmented by new ships he had built, and the three legions stationed in Britain, but a legion he had seized in Gaul, a number of foreign auxiliary units, a levy of Gaulish merchant ships, and barbarian mercenaries attracted by the prospect of booty.〔''Panegyrici Latini'' 8:12〕
A panegyric delivered to Maximian in 288 or 289 refers to the emperor preparing an invasion to oust Carausius.〔C. E. V. Nixon & Barbara Saylor Rodgers (ed & trans), ''In Praise of Later Roman Emperors: The Panegyrici Latini'', University of California Press, 1994, pp. 42-43〕〔''Panegyrici Latini'' 10:12.1〕 A later panegyric to Constantius Chlorus says that this invasion failed due to bad weather, although Carausius claimed it as a military victory,〔''Panegyrici Latini'' 8:12.2〕 and Eutropius says that hostilities were in vain thanks to Carausius's military skill, and peace was agreed.〔Eutropius, ''Abridgement of Roman History'' (22 )〕
Carausius began to entertain visions of legitimacy and official recognition. He minted his own coins and brought their value into line with Roman issues as well as acknowledging and honouring Maximian and then Diocletian. He appears to have appealed to native British dissatisfaction with Roman rule: he issued coins with legends such as ''Restitutor Britanniae'' (Restorer of Britain) and ''Genius Britanniae'' (Spirit of Britain). Previously, Britain had been part of the Gallic Empire established by Postumus in 260, which had also included Gaul and Hispania and had only been restored by Aurelian in 274. A milestone from Carlisle with his name on it suggests that the whole of Roman Britain was in Carausius' grasp.〔Frere, ''Britannia'', p. 327-328〕
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